Ferrari's Charles Leclerc qualified third fastest, with McLaren's reigning world champion Lando Norris, winner of the earlier sprint, set to line up fourth on what could be a stormy Sunday.
Antonelli, 19, is chasing his third win in a row after triumphs in China and Japan.
The pole was an immediate and forceful reply to being demoted to sixth in the sprint, the first race of the season in any format that Mercedes have not won.
"It's been an amazing day to be on pole again," he said. "It was a difficult start with the Sprint, where it didn't go our way, but super happy with the recovery.
"It was a good quali, got a little bit excited in that last lap in Q3, but the first lap was good enough."
Antonelli secured provisional pole with a time of one minute 27.798, 0.345 quicker than Leclerc's first effort and 0.383 faster than Verstappen.
At the end, the time stayed out of reach of the rest, even if Verstappen cut the gap to 0.166 and Antonelli ran wide at turn one on his final effort.
George Russell, Antonelli's teammate and closest rival seven points adrift, qualified fifth with Ferrari's seven-times world champion Lewis Hamilton sixth.
McLaren's Oscar Piastri, last year's winner in Miami, will line up seventh on the grid at a circuit where overtaking is unlikely to be a major problem, particularly in the new rules era.
Argentine Franco Colapinto was a strong eighth fastest for Renault-owned Alpine, with Red Bull's Isack Hadjar and Alpine's Pierre Gasly completing the top 10.
Antonelli was fastest in the first phase of qualifying, ahead of Leclerc, Verstappen and Norris, with Piastri squeaking through in 16th place.
"Oscar, we're safely through," his engineer told him over team radio, drawing the reply: "'Safely' is an ambitious word in that situation, I think."
The second phase, in which Verstappen lapped fastest ahead of Antonelli, was slightly delayed after the brakes on Gabriel Bortoleto's Audi caught fire and he pulled over on the back straight.
The Brazilian ended up bottom of the time sheets, behind Valtteri Bottas and Sergio Perez for newcomers Cadillac on that team's first home race weekend